Filtration | MIT Digital Lab Techniques Manual

Experiment 5 - The Clandestine Laboratory: A Qualitative Analysis Experi...

Electrochemistry: Galvanic cells and Electroplating

Equilibrium & Solubility - a NJCO Demo

Chemical Kinetics - Reaction rates

Asexual reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

= formation of new individuals from the cells of a single parent. Offspring are identical to their parent. Does not involve meiosis.

Advantages

-         Allows an organism to rapidly produce many offspring, saving time and energy for courtship,finding a mate,and mating.

-         Combination of genes to be handed down unchanged.

Disadvantages

-         Reduces genetic variation, disadvantage in the long term for the evolution and adaption of a species to its changing environment.

-         Harmful mutation sometimes pass on to progeny.

(1)  Binary fission

(2) Fragmentation

- parts of plant break off and grow into new plant.

(3) Sporulation

- formation of spores

- haploid

(4) Budding

- a small protuberance on the surface of parent cell increases in size until a wall forms to separate the new individual or bud from the parent.

(5) Regeneration

- ability of body to replace lost parts of an organism

(6) Vegetative reproduction

- that describes all the natural methods of asexual reproduction used by plants.

(7) Parthenogenesis

- an individual develops from an unfertilized egg.

- in most species, reproduction by parthenogenesis occurs when conditions are right and food is plentiful, at other times, sexual reproduction takes place.

(8) Polyembryony

- ability of fertilised egg to develop into mass of cells that will then form numerous embryos.

- e.g.: identical twins

(9) Paedogenesis

- reproduction by an animal that still in larvae form or pre-adult

- e.g.:Lancelet (amphioxus)

Titration

Pengenalan: Zon Ekonomi Eksklusif(ZEE)

·         Sesebuah negara berkuasa sepenuhnya terhadap eksploitasi kekayaan di kawasan perairan dalam lingkungan 200 batu nautikal dari persisiran pantainya.

·         Malaysia dapat mengeksploitasi petroleum di kawasan perairannya.

·         Masalah yang timbul:

(a)  Tuntutan terhadap Kepulauan Spratly(Natuna Anambas) oleh 
- china
- Filipina

      - Vietnam
      - Malaysia

(b) Tuntutan Pulau Batu Putih antara – Malaysia & Singapura

(c) Pulau Ligitan & Sipadan antara – Malaysia & Indonesia

Isu Semasa

22 Jun 2011 – China hari ini menggesa Amerika Syarikat (AS) supaya membiarkan pertikaian wilayah di Laut China Selatan diselesaikan sendiri oleh negara-negara yang mempunyai tuntutan. Dalam amaran paling berterus-terang kepada Washington, Beijing berkata, pembabitan AS dalam pertikaian itu boleh memburukkan lagi keadaan.

Ketegangan di Laut China Selatan meningkat sejak sebulan lalu disebabkan kebimbangan bahawa China semakin agresif dalam mengukuhkan tuntutannya terhadap perairan yang dipercayai kaya dengan minyak dan gas.
China berpendirian AS tidak perlu campur tangan dalam pertikaian itu dan sekiranya AS tetap mahu memainkan peranan, Washington perlu menasihatkan negara-negara yang melakukan provokasi supaya bertindak secara lebih bertanggungjawab. AS bukan negara yang mempunyai tuntutan dalam pertikaian di Laut China Selatan, dengan itu adalah lebih baik jika AS membiarkan pertikaian diselesaikan antara negara-negara yang menuntut.
China sangat bimbang dengan provokasi yang kerap dilakukan oleh negara lain di Laut China Selatan. Sementara itu di Manila, pegawai Filipina berkata, tentera Amerika Syarikat (AS) berkewajipan membantu mempertahankan askar, kapal atau pesawat udara negara ini jika mereka diserang di Kepulauan Spratly di Laut China Selatan. Jabatan Luar Filipina dalam satu kertas dasarnya berkata, Perjanjian Pertahanan Bersama 1951 menghendaki Washington membantu tentera Filipina jika mereka diserang di kepulauan tersebut.

Sebahagian perairan di Laut China Selatan turut dituntut oleh Brunei, Malaysia, Filipina, Taiwan dan Vietnam.Tuntutan China adalah yang paling besar, dengan kawasan perairan yang dituntut berbentuk U meliputi sebahagian besar daripada Laut China Selatan yang seluas 1.7 juta kilometer persegi, termasuk Kepulauan Spratly dan Paracel.
Di Washington kelmarin, anggota kanan Parti Republikan, Senator John McCain menggesa kerajaan AS meningkatkan sokongan ketenteraan dan politik kepada negara anggota ASEAN untuk menghadapi China dalam pertikaian semakin meningkat di Laut China Selatan.Menurutnya, AS perlu membantu anggota ASEAN untuk membangunkan dan menempatkan sistem amaran awal serta bot peronda perairan pantai di kawasan yang menimbulkan pertikaian

Mathematics

Graph Basics

Graphs are a great way to represent data in a straightforward and simple way. Whether you’re showing off the number of visitors to your Facebook page, or an accountant portraying the latest stock forecasts, graphs are essential.

Equations of a straight line

One of the simplest graphs is that of a straight line. These are written in the form:
In this form, m is the gradient of the line, (the steepness), and c is the y intercept, (where the line cuts the y axis).

In the above graph for , we can clearly see that the line has a gradient of 3 and y intercept 2. If we want to find the x intercept, we set and then solve to get .
If the in your equation has a number in front of it, for example, , divide by this number and the proceed as normal. In this example your equation would be .

Useful Fact

If two lines are parallel, their lines have equal gradients. So for the lines and , if , then these two lines are parallel, it doesn’t matter what the and are.

Quadratic Graphs

As you can see from the picture above, Quadratic Graphs are curves with a turning point or ‘stationary’ point. Consider a quadratic in the form , if is greater than zero, then y is a positive quadratic with a ‘u’ shaped graph, seen on the left hand side. If is less than zero, then y will be a negative quadratic with a ‘n’ shaped graph, seen here on the right.
As with the straight line examples, is the y intercept.

Constructing Graphs

Straight Line Graphs
These are actually quite simple to draw. Let’s take the graph .
You already have one point in the form of your y intercept , we now need to find out where the graph crosses the x axis. It does this when , so setting we get , hence .
We have now got two points, and . If we plot these on our axes and draw a line through them, we have our graph!
Quadratic Graphs
These are a little bit more complicated but the sames rules apply. For examplw, draw the graph of .
The number in front of the is positive, so we know the curve will be ‘u’ shaped. We also know that the y intercept is .
Next we need to find where the graph intercepts the x axis. To do this we set and factorise to get , so the graph intercepts the x axis at .
Using these 3 points and the shape of the graph, we can the draw the following:

When drawing quadratic curves your graph doesn’t have to be perfect, but spotting the shape of the graph and the intersecting points is essential.
Important Note
If, when finding the values of the x intercept, you end up with a repeated root, for example , you single value of will be 1. Then the graph just ‘touches’ the axis at this point. The graph below is an example of this.

Solving Equations Using Intersecting Graphs
If we have the graphs of two equations and you are asked to solve them simultaneously, the point(s) where the two graphs meet are the simultaneous value(s).

For example some graph and the related formula.

Chemical equilibrium

This is a chemical equilibrium process.

 This is a haber cycle.

 The hydrogen bonding of hydrogen.

The neutralisation process.

Interesting disect experiment

 For example...Below are experiment of the procedure to dissect an earthworm.

The purpose of the earthworm dissection is to provide you with basic dissection experience, as well as to begin an introduction into gross anatomy to be coordinated with your lecture notes.

Scientific Classification: Squid belong to the order Teuthoidea of the class Cephalopoda. The common squid of the east North Atlantic coast belongs to the family Loliginidae and is classified as Loligo vulgaris.

Objectives:

• Describe the appearance of various organs found in the squid.

• Name the organs that make up various systems of the squid.

Materials:

Dissecting kit and pins, gloves, forceps, lab apron, scissors, paper towel, scalpel, water, dissecting probe, preserved squid, hand lens, dissection tray.

Purpose:

In this lab, you will dissect a squid in order to observe the external and internal structures of squid anatomy.

Background:

The squid is one of the most highly developed invertebrates. Some of the animals structures explored in this lesson illustrate the ways in which the squid has adapted to life in the ocean. Its streamlined body and jet propulsion which occurs as the squid squeezes water out of its body through its siphon, make the squid a fast, active predator. This animal also has a very good defense mechanism.

· All mollusks have a soft body with a special covering called the mantle, which encloses all of the body organs such as heart, stomach and gills.

· Squid can be as small as a thumbnail, or as large as a house. The giant squid, Architeuthis, can measure 60 ft. in length and weigh three tons!

· Squid have ten arms, which are wrapped around the head. Eight are short and heavy, and lined with suction cups. The ninth and tenth are twice the length of the others, and are called tentacles. Suction cups are only on the flat pads at the end of the tentacles.

· Squid feed on small crustaceans, fish, marine worms, and even their own kind! They use their tentacles to quickly catch their prey, which is pulled in by the arms and down to the radula, or beak, which uses a tongue-like action to get food to the mouth so it can be swallowed whole.

· Squid are a major food source for many fishes, birds and marine mammals.

· Squid produce a dark ink that they use to escape from predators. When a squid is startled, the ink is released through the anus, and the cloud of inky water confuses the predator while the squid swims away.

· After mating, a female squid will produce 10-50 elongated egg strings, which contain hundreds of eggs each. In many species, the parents will soon die after leaving the spawning ground. The egg strings are attached to the ocean floor, are left to develop on their own, and hatch approximately ten days later.

Procedure:

1. Put on gloves and a lab apron if possible.

2. Place squid in the dissecting tray & rinse off the excess preservative. Identify the dorsal side and the ventral side. Turn the squid dorsal side up, as shown in the diagrams.

3. Use a hand lens as you observe all parts of the squid, externally and internally.

4. Using the attached diagrams, dissect the squid to reveal and explore the various structures and organs.

5. Dispose of your materials according to the directions from your teacher.

6. Clean up your work area and wash your hands before returning to class.

For example a structure of a worm.

For example the structure of a rat.

For example a structure of a fish.